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Between Facts and Norms, Pemikiran Hukum Jürgen Habermas (2): Pengantar dari Jürgen Habermas

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PENGANTAR Jürgen Habermas  | Penerjemah: Anom Surya Putra | Di Jerman, filsafat hukum telah lama tidak lagi menjadi materi pembahasan bagi para filsuf. Jika saya jarang menyebut nama Hegel dan lebih mengandalkan teori hukum Kantian, hal ini juga mengungkapkan keinginan saya untuk menghindari suatu model yang menetapkan standar yang tidak dapat dicapai bagi kita. Memang, bukan kebetulan bahwa filsafat hukum, dalam mencari kontak dengan realitas sosial, telah bermigrasi ke aliran-aliran (mazhab) hukum. [1] Namun, saya juga ingin menghindari ilmu hukum teknis yang terfokus pada fundasi-fundasi hukum pidana. [2] Apa yang dulunya dapat dianut secara koheren dalam konsep-konsep filsafat Hegelian saat ini menuntut pendekatan pluralistis yang menggabungkan perspektif teori moral, teori sosial, teori hukum, serta sosiologi dan sejarah hukum. Saya menyambut ini sebagai kesempatan untuk menampilkan pendekatan pluralistis yang sering tidak diakui/disadari teori tindakan komunikatif. Konsep-konse
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Menuju BUM Desa Bersama "Wisata Kopi" di Bondowoso


Sumber: Koran JP - RADAR JEMBER, Kolom OPINI, 8 Desember 2016 - Bupati Bondowoso Amin Said Husni mengemukakan akan mendorong seluruh kepala desa di Bondowoso untuk segera membentuk Badan Usaha Milik Desa Bersama (08/16). BUM Desa Bersama dapat mengembangkan potensi unggulan di masing-masing Desa. 

Pernyataan politik kebijakan Bupati Bondowoso patut diapresiasi ditengah kebutuhan pelayanan usaha antar-Desa. Kebijakan Bupati Bondowoso mudah dilakukan oleh Desa. Modal sosial yang melekat di Desa menyatu dalam kerjasama antar-Desa. BUM Desa Bersama menjadi pilihan untuk kapitalisasi atas aset Desa di lokasi agropolitan.

Fenomena BUM Desa Bersama pasca UU No. 6/2014 tentang Desa merupakan hal baru. UU Desa mendukung pelayanan usaha antar-Desa melalui BUM Desa yang merupakan milik 2 (dua) Desa atau lebih dalam skema kerjasama antar-Desa [vide Pasal 92 ayat (6) UU Desa]. Peraturan pelaksanaannya juga melegitimasi BUM Desa Bersama yang dilakukan melalui pendirian, penggabungan, atau peleburan BUM Desa [vide Pasal 141 PP No. 43/2015].

Kembali ke UU Desa sebagai norma hukum tertinggi, Desa di kabupaten Bondowoso dapat melakukan kerjasama antar-Desa untuk membentuk BUM Desa Bersama. Potensi kopi organik  jenis Ijen Raung sudah mendunia dengan julukan Java Coffe. Kualitas kopi Bondowoso layak untuk menembus pangsa pasar hingga Eropa dan Amerika. Bagaimana peran BUM Desa Bersama yang sudah didorong oleh Bupati Bondowoso untuk memanfaatkan potensi unggulan kopi?

Pelembagaan Kolaboratif

Alur pelembagaan BUM Desa Bersama diawali dengan kerjasama antar-Desa. Berbeda dengan rezim hukum Desa sebelumnya, pasca UU Desa seluruh proses kerjasama antar Desa dilakukan melalui Musyawarah Desa (Musdes) tentang Kerjasama Desa. Seluruh warga Desa harus tahu. Perkumpulan Jarkom Desa bersama dengan 8 (delapan) Desa di kecamatan Ngebel Ponorogo, Jawa Timur, kali pertama mengawali pentingnya BUM Desa Bersama melalui diskusi dengan BAPPEMAS/BPMPD setempat dan Direktorat PEKP, Ditjen PKP Kementerian Desa. Kurang lebih 3 (tiga) bulan, sekitar 8 (delapan) Desa berproses untuk membahas kerjasama antar-Desa bidang usaha ekonomi bersama, bina kemasyarakatan antar-Desa, pembangunan antar-Desa, dan pemberdayaan antar-Desa. BUM Desa Bersama merupakan salah satu agenda kerjasama antar Desa. Hasil Musdes ditetapkan dalam bentuk Perdes tentang kerjasama antar-Desa.

Potensi kopi yang berada di Desa wilayah kecamatan Sumberwiringin, Sempol, Tlogosari, dan Sukosari, Bondowoso, dapat berproses melakukan Musdes tentang kerjasama Desa. Setiap Desa menerbitkan Perdes tentang kerjasama antar-Desa yang didalamnya membuka peluang kerjasama antar-Desa melalui BUM Desa Bersama dengan unit usaha pengelolaan kopi. Kelompok tani yang eksis di wilayah tersebut dapat menjadi bagian dari kepengurusan BUM Desa Bersama, sehingga BUM Desa Bersama menjadi payung usaha bersama dan bukan “kompetitor baru”.

Kesepakatan antar-Desa untuk pengelolaan potensi aset Kopi berlanjut pada Musyawarah Antar-Desa. Masing-masing Desa mengutus perwakilan/delegasi Desa untuk mengikuti Musyawarah Antar-Desa. Agenda Musyawarah adalah membahas kerjasama antar-Desa, Badan Kerjasama Antar Desa (BKAD), dan pendirian BUM Desa Bersama. Kelembagaan BKAD akan memfasilitasi pendirian BUM Desa Bersama dan bertanggung jawab kepada kepala Desa. Pihak Pemda (termasuk camat) dan Bappemas/BPMPD dapat melakukan fasilitasi Musyawarah Antar-Desa bila dipandang perlu.

Agenda Musyawarah Antar-Desa yang difasilitasi oleh BKAD melakukan pemetaan potensi aset kopi untuk digerakkan bersama. Misalnya, luas areal kopi, hasil produksi kopi, dan potensi pemasaran. Hasil pembahasan dimasukkan kedalam Peraturan Bersama Kepala Desa (Permakades) tentang BUM Desa Bersama.  Unsur kelembagaan seperti AD/ART dan susunan kepengurusan BUM Desa Bersama menjadi lampiran. Mengapa Permakades? Permendagri No. 111/2014 telah mengatur teknis bentuk produk hukum Permakades dengan logo burung Garuda. Keabsahannya didukung dengan Pasal 88 PP No. 43/2014, Permakades merupakan peraturan Kades untuk kerjasama antar-Desa. BUM Desa Bersama sebagai bentuk kerjasama usaha ekonomi antar-Desa sudah sah sebagai basis legitimasi.

Pola “Shareholding”

Dalam suatu acara pelatihan BUM Desa yang diselenggarakan Bappemas di Bondowoso terdapat satu gagasan menarik. Modal penyertaan BUM Desa dicantumkan 250 juta dalam AD/ART, diserahkan secara bertahap dan disepakati dalam Musyawarah Desa. Gagasan ini menarik untuk memacu spirit Desa yang melakukan kerjasama melalui penyertaan modal secara bertahap. BUM Desa Bersama ”NUSANTARA”, Ngebel, Ponorogo, mencantumkan penyertaan modal sebesar 250 juta dalam AD/ART. Prakarsa Desa ini layak dihargai sebagai keberanian Desa melakukan investasi bertahap secara kolektif dan berkedudukan sebagai pemilik bersama (shareholder).

Pola kepemilikan bersama (shareholding) BUM Desa Bersama “wisata kopi” bertambah luas, bila perusahaan dan otoritas supra Desa menambah dana kegiatan usaha. Unit usaha produksi kopi, unit usaha wisata kopi, unit usaha “warung kopi”, dan unit usaha ”tabungan/kredit usaha kopi” dapat menjadi pilihan pengembangan Unit Usaha BUM Desa Bersama. Misalnya, alokasi bantuan supra-Desa senilai 2 Milyar untuk unit usaha BUM Desa Bersama ”wisata kopi” layak berkolaborasi dengan kebijakan pengembangan agropolitan Bondowoso.

Aparatus supra-Desa akan semakin tergerak untuk melakukan kerjasama dengan BUM Desa Bersama melalui berbagai unit usaha. Ini disebut sebagai ”BUM Desa klasifikasi jenis usaha holding” oleh Permendesa No. 4/2015 tentang BUMDesa. BUM Desa Bersama melakukan berbagai jenis usaha yang beragam dan menjadi holding atas unit usaha. Kedepan nanti, BUM Desa Bersama “wisata kopi” dapat membentuk unit usaha berbadan hukum privat seperti BUM Desa Ponggok, Klaten, yang membentuk 8 (delapan) PT yakni PT pengelolaan destinasi wisata, toko Desa, pekreditan, jasa konstruksi, dan lainnya.*

 

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