PENGANTAR Jürgen Habermas | Penerjemah: Anom Surya Putra | Di Jerman, filsafat hukum telah lama tidak lagi menjadi materi pembahasan bagi para filsuf. Jika saya jarang menyebut nama Hegel dan lebih mengandalkan teori hukum Kantian, hal ini juga mengungkapkan keinginan saya untuk menghindari suatu model yang menetapkan standar yang tidak dapat dicapai bagi kita. Memang, bukan kebetulan bahwa filsafat hukum, dalam mencari kontak dengan realitas sosial, telah bermigrasi ke aliran-aliran (mazhab) hukum. [1] Namun, saya juga ingin menghindari ilmu hukum teknis yang terfokus pada fundasi-fundasi hukum pidana. [2] Apa yang dulunya dapat dianut secara koheren dalam konsep-konsep filsafat Hegelian saat ini menuntut pendekatan pluralistis yang menggabungkan perspektif teori moral, teori sosial, teori hukum, serta sosiologi dan sejarah hukum. Saya menyambut ini sebagai kesempatan untuk menampilkan pendekatan pluralistis yang sering tidak diakui/disadari teori tindakan komunikatif. Konsep-konse
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Pemikiran Hukum Jürgen Habermas (5): Teori Pasca-Metafisis tentang Nalar
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Serial tulisan ini membahas buku filsafat hukum dan sosiologi hukum "Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy" (Antara Fakta dan Keabsahan Normatif: Kontribusi untuk Teori Diskursus Hukum dan Demokrasi), karya Jürgen Habermas (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996).
Buku Habermas dalam bahasa Inggris tersebut awalnya berjudul Faktizität und Geltung: Beiträge zur Diskurstheorie des Rechts und des demokratischen Rechtsstaats, Frankfurt a.M. 1992. Habermas menulis pembahasan lengkap mengenai filsafat hukum, sosiologi hukum dan demokrasi deliberatif. Mahasiswa, praktisi hukum, ilmuwan sosial hukum dan politisi partai politik perlu membaca dan menimbang-nimbang buku ini dalam praksis berhukum kontemporer.
Please cite as: Putra, Anom Surya. “Pemikiran Hukum Jürgen Habermas (5): Teori Pasca-Metafisis tentang Nalar.” Blog Anom Surya Putra, Juli 2022.
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Teori Pasca-Metafisis tentang Nalar
Salam Restorasi.
Pembaca yang budiman kita akan melanjutkan pembahasan pemikiran hukum Jürgen Habermas dengan tema Teori Pasca-Metafisis Nalar. Tema ini kelanjutan dari pembahasan Dualitas Hukum Modern. Anda bisa membaca pembahasan tersebut pada tulisan berjudul "Pemikiran Hukum Jürgen Habermas (4): Dualitas Hukum Modern, Fakta dan Norma Selalu Bersitegang." Video pembahasan tema tersebut berjudul "Dualitas Hukum Modern (Mudik)."
Kita langsung meluncur ke pembahasan Teori Pasca-Metafisis Nalar.
Anda tentu sudah mengetahui sedikit banyak tentang Teori Tindakan Komunikatif yang ditulis oleh Jürgen Habermas. Dalam pembahasan filsafat hukum, William Rehg memberikan pengantar singkat dan mendalam tentang posisi Teori Tindakan Komunikatif dalam pemikiran hukum Habermas.
Teori Tindakan Komunikatif merupakan teori rasionalitas yang pada awalnya berupaya untuk menyelamatkan klaim nalar yang pernah mengalami kemajuan dalam:
sistem metafisis (seperti pemikiran Thomas Aquinas),
filsafat sejarah (seperti pemikiran G. W. F. Hegel), atau
filsafat kesadaran (seperti pemikiran Immanuel Kant).
Mengikuti pemikiran Habermas, segala pertumbuhan sains empiris, pluralisasi berbagai cara pandang dunia (worldviews), dan perkembangan lain, telah membuat pendekatan filsafat besar (Thomas Aquinas, Hegel dan Kant) secara umum tidak masuk akal ---dan dalam prosesnya memunculkan pandangan-pandangan yang memiskinkan tentang nalar semata-mata menjadi instrumental. Oleh karena itu, jika seseorang ingin menyelamatkan konsep nalar yang komprehensif saat ini, maka ia harus mengambil pendekatan "pasca-metafisis".
Habermas menggunakan istilah pasca-metafisis (postmetaphysical), yang tidak bisa disamakan dengan istilah “pasca-modern” (postmodern), karena mencakup sejumlah teori filsafat yang berbeda. Sebagai contoh spesifik, orang mungkin menunjuk ke Teori Keadilan John Rawls tentang "politik bukan metafisis", dan teori Ronald Dworkin tentang "hukum sebagai integritas”.
Bagaimanapun, bagi Habermas pembenaran nalar pasca-metafisis hanya dimungkinkan sejauh filsafat ---dalam kerja sama interdisipliner berbagai jenis penyelidikan empiris--- dapat menunjukkan cara penggunaan bahasa dan interaksi sosial yang secara umum bersandar pada gagasan validitas/kesahihan, seperti kebenaran, kebenaran normatif, ketulusan, dan otentisitas. Ini membutuhkan tidak hanya analisa filsafat komunikasi tetapi juga mencurahkan perhatian pada perdebatan dalam berbagai disiplin ilmu.
Filsafat pasca-metafisis tidak perlu menyerahkan semua ambisinya sendiri. Ini sudah terbukti dalam fokus pada validitas. Dalam pandangan Habermas, klaim-klaim validitas melibatkan dan mengidealisasikan momen tanpa syarat yang membawa klaim-klaim validitas itu melampaui konteks langsung dari kemunculannya. Ini secara terang benderang terdapat pada pembahasan jenis-jenis klaim kebenaran tertentu, sebagaimana umum dipahami.
Misalnya, ketika kita menyatakan saat ini bahwa bumi adalah suatu ruang yang bulat (sphere), kurang lebih begitu, kita tidak hanya bermaksud bahwa "benar bagi kita" bumi itu ruang yang bulat (sphere). Sebaliknya, kita juga menyatakan bahwa siapa pun, dari generasi atau budaya apapun, yang percaya sebaliknya (bumi bukan ruang yang bulat) adalah keliru.
Yang pasti, pemahaman universal tentang kebenaran telah berada di bawah bahkan di dalam filsafat ilmu-ilmu alam, dan dengan demikian seharusnya tidak mengherankan bahwa seorang filsuf yang membela konsep universal tentang validitas normatif dalam domain praktis ---domain moralitas, politik, dan hukum--- menghadapi rintangan yang agak mengesankan. Inti tantangannya adalah secara konstruktif menjaga ketegangan antara yang sangat idealisasi dan klaim nalar yang melampaui konteks (dan konteks itupun selalu terbatas), yang mana nalar manusia itu harus memainkan pertukarannya.
Dengan demikian, cukup dapat dipahami, ketegangan "antara fakta dan norma" atau ketegangan “antara fakta-fakta dan keabsahan normatif” harus berada di pusat upaya Habermas untuk membawa teori tindakan komunikatifnya ke dalam institusi-institusi hukum dan demokrasi yang ada. Teori hukum-politik yang didasarkan pada Teori Tindakan Komunikatif tidak dapat menghindari ketegangan ini, yang ternyata muncul pada setiap tingkat analisis, seperti yang ditunjukkan oleh Habermas dengan susah payah dalam bab pertama Between Facts and Norms: dalam konteks penggunaan bahasa, dalam hukum modern, dan antara hukum dan realitas sosial.
Setelah memahami pasca-metafisis, kita akan bergeser ke penerapan Teori Tindakan Komunikatif Habermas pada 2 (dua) arah yakni:
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Buku sosiologi hukum ini menyajikan visi ilmiah sosiologi hukum berdasarkan diskusi tentang pencapaian utama dari spesialisasi sosiologi hukum. Karya Mathieu Deflem ini mengungkapkan nilai-nilai studi sosiologi hukum dengan menyatukan tema-tema teoritis dan empiris. This is a copy of an Indonesian translation of “ Sociology of Law: Visions of a Scholarly Tradition ” (2008), Mathieu Deflem, University of South Carolina, Translated by Anom Surya Putra. Source: Sociology of Law: Visions of a Scholarly Tradition, by Mathieu Deflem (Cambridge University Press, 2008) https://deflem.blogspot.com/2008/01/socoflaw.html Please cite as: Deflem, Mathieu. 2008. "Sosiologi Hukum Mathieu Deflem (2): Pengantar Buku Sosiologi Hukum." Blog Anom Surya Putra , Juni 2022. ------------------------------- PENGANTAR DAN UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH Mathieu Deflem Buku ini menyajikan visi-visi sosiologi hukum yang digerakkan secara teoritis dan berorientasi pada penelitian, berdasarkan pembahasan capaian u
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